Briefings and Publications

Energy Market Analysis

Environmental Regulatory Analysis

DG/CHP Reports

Gas Supply

Gas Modelling

Transportation

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Energy Market Analysis

Reports

Characterization of the U.S. Industrial/Commercial Boiler Population - May 2005 The U.S. industrial and commercial sectors consume large quantities of energy. Much of this energy is used in boilers to generate steam and hot water. EEA estimates that there are almost 163,000 industrial and commercial boilers in the U.S. with a total fuel input capacity of 2.7 million MMBtu/hr. These boilers consume about 8,100 TBtu per year, accounting for about 40 percent of all energy consumed in these sectors. This report characterizes the boilers in the industrial and commercial sector in terms of number of units, aggregate capacity, unit capacity, primary fuel, application and regional distribution. The report also includes analysis of boiler fuel consumption and the age of boiler units. It does not include an inventory of individual boilers. Natural Gas Issues for the U.S. Industrial and Power Generation Sectors: Executive Summary - May 2004 Natural gas is a primary fuel for the residential, commercial and industrial sectors and increasingly for power generation. In the last four years, natural gas prices have increased significantly and seem to have reached a new stable level almost twice as high as in recent prior years. The last few years have also seen increasing volatility in gas prices. The increase in prices and resulting concerns over supply have raised a variety of questions about natural gas and its role in and effect on the economy. This report was prepared for the National Commission on Energy Policy Natural Gas Issues for U.S. Power Generation - May 2004 Power generation is the second largest component of U.S. natural gas consumption, consuming 5,721 trillion Btu (TBtu) or 25 percent of U.S. total gas consumption in 2002 (Figure 1). However, power generation is the fastest growing gas-consuming sector, with consumption increasing by more than 70 percent from 1990 to 2002 (Figure 2). Most forecasts project this trend to continue, with gas consumption for power generation constituting the fastest growing component of gas demand, reaching more than 10 Quads by 2020 (Figure 3). This increase is widely attributed to the recent wave of construction of new gas-fired power plants and stringent environmental requirements on power plants. Over 150 GW of new gas-fired capacity have been constructed since 1999 with more still under construction. Almost all new power plants recently constructed and, until recently, most of the planned additions, are gas-fired. This rapid recent growth and the prospect for continued growth have made power generation the focus of much of the concern over the current imbalance between gas supply and demand. This paper examines the background of these issues and the likely implications. This report was prepared for the National Commission on Energy Policy Natural Gas Price Impacts and Implications for U.S. Industry - May 2004 As natural gas prices have increased in recent years, there has been increasing concern over their effect on industrial sector competitiveness, jobs and the economy in general. Gas price increases in 2000-01 and in 2003 were followed by periods of economic decline and increasing unemployment. Some attribute these economic declines to the gas prices. At the same time, there is concern that high gas prices could result in permanent shutdown of gas-intensive industries, reducing gas demand. Such "demand destruction" in the industrial sector could result in lower demand for gas which could subsequently temper gas price levels and minimize volatility, though at the cost of U.S. productive output and jobs. This report was prepared for the National Commission on Energy Policy

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Environmental Regulatory Analysis

Reports

Analysis of Output-Based Allocation of Emission Trading Allowances - June 2003 Air quality regulatory programs for the power generation sector are increasingly focusing on emission cap and trade programs. These programs can provide greater environmental certainty and lower compliance costs than traditional command and control programs. However, the design of the cap and trade programs can have a significant effect on the long-term outcome of the program and whether it encourages the development of a mixed portfolio of cleaner, more efficient technologies, including combined heat and power (CHP). Appropriate allocation of emission allowances is a critical factor in promoting such a positive program outcome. Under traditional command and control programs, each plant must meet a specific compliance target. The costs of compliance are borne directly by that plant and passed on to consumers in the price of the product. The Impact of Air Quality Regulations on Distributed Generation - May 2002 This report underscores the fact that the air quality permitting process can discourage distributed energy projects that would provide a net benefit to the environment. Environmental Benefits of Distributed Generation - Dec. 2000 Distributed Generation (DG) has been identified by some as a new paradigm in power generation, providing new solutions to changing customer needs for electricity.

Briefings

Analysis of the European CO2 trading program - June 1, 2005 EEA President Joel Bluestein interviewed on NPR's "Here and Now" regarding the European CO2 trading program. Regulatory Treatment of CHP Presented at: IDEA Campus Energy Conference, March 2005 Author: Joel Bluestein Output-Based Regulation: Why and How Presented at: IDEA Campus Energy Conference, March 2005 Author: Joel Bluestein Environmental Regulation of DER: Driver or Barrier? Presented at: DER Annual Program Review, Januray 2003 Author: Joel Bluestein

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Distributed Generation/CHP Publications

Reports

The Role of Distributed Generation in Power Quality and Reliability: Final Report (pdf version) The Role of Distributed Generation in Power Quality and Reliability - December 2005 The nature of business and power consumption has changed considerably over the last two decades. Facilities of all kinds now make widespread use of sensitive electronic components, computers and programmable logic controllers. There is also a growing need for reliable and continuous communications with customers, suppliers, and financial institutions. Many businesses suffer economic losses when electric power interruptions occur or even when there are voltage or current abnormalities present in the power delivery. While the performance of the U.S. and New York electric utility industries is extremely good, even this level of performance is not sufficient to protect customers with highly sensitive loads from economic losses. These customers must invest in on-site equipment to ensure higher levels of reliability and power quality than is delivered from the electric grid. This report explores the power quality sensitivity of the power market in New York and examines the value of integrating distributed generation into an overall customer power quality and reliability solution. The basic premise for this study is that distributed generation can be used to support customer's power quality and reliability needs and by so doing the value of distributed generation is increased. Assessment of California CHP Market and Policy Options for Increased Penetration Assessment of California CHP Market and Policy Options for Increased Penetration - July 2005 The California Energy Commission (Energy Commission) identified a need to reassess the market opportunities for combined heat and power (CHP) applications and the role they could play in contributing to the State’s Energy Action Plan. The use of CHP systems in commercial, industrial, and multifamily residential establishments could improve the overall efficiency of energy use by displacing fuel use for boilers while at the same time displacing marginal, predominantly gas-fired, sources of electricity generation. Since CHP could have a potentially large role in supporting California’s loading order, this research project was undertaken. This report provides information to help California stakeholders understand: The technical and economic potential for CHP in California End-user drivers and adoption barriers to CHP Cost and benefits of incentives and policy options necessary to realize the CHP opportunity Technology gaps and R&D needs to move the CHP market opportunity forward. CHP Emissions Calculator (Excel Spreadsheet) CHP Emissions Calculator Documentation CHP Emissions Calculator - August 2004 The EEA CHP Emissions Calculator (EC) is a tool to estimate the net air pollution emissions from a small CHP system. The EC performs calculation for NOx, SO2, CO2 and mercury (Hg). The EC is a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet that calculates net emissions based on information provided by the user and default information provided by the system. The net emissions are calculated from three primary components: Onsite emissions from the CHP system Displaced emissions from onsite thermal production (i.e., steam boiler) Displaced emissions from offsite generation of electricity The net emissions equal the emissions from CHP minus the displaced emissions from thermal production and electricity production: Project Summary Report: Assessment of Large Combined Heat and Power Market - April 2004 This report summarizes an assessment of the 2-50 MW combined heat and power (CHP) market and near-term opportunities for a fixed set of CHP technologies. This size range has been the biggest contributor to the traditional inside-the-fence CHP market to date. Opportunities still exist and a current understanding of the remaining prospects will help focus efforts that can accelerate near-term markets. Sector Profiles of Significant Large CHP Markets - March 9, 2004 EEA conducted amarket assessment of the 2-50 MW combined heat and power (CHP) market and near-term opportunities for a fixed set of CHP technologies. This size range has been the biggest contributor to the traditional inside-the-fence CHP market to date. Three sectors were identified as promising sectors identified at the conclusion of market assessment. Chemicals Food Pharmaceuticals Executive Summary Report: Distributed Generation Operational Reliability and Availability Database - January 2004 This report summarizes the results of the project, "Distributed Generation Market Transformation Tools: Distributed Generation Reliability and Availability Database," sponsored by Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Energy Solutions Center (ESC), New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA), and Gas Technology Institute (GTI). Final Report: Distributed Generation Operational Reliability and Availability Database - January 2004 The increased deployment of Distributed Generation (DG)/Combined Heat and Power (CHP) has been identified as a means to enhance both individual customer reliability and electric transmission and distribution system reliability. DG/CHP reliability and availability performance relates to several significant issues affecting market development. The reliability/availability profiles for DG/CHP systems can affect electric standby charges and backup rates, the value of ancillary services offered to Independent Transmission System Operators (ISO), local grid stability and reliability, customer power delivery system reliability, and customer economics. Interest in power reliability has heightened in recent years in light of highprofile system. This project represents the first attempt to establish baseline operating and reliability data for DG/CHP systems in more than a decade. Natural Gas Impacts of Increased CHP - October 2003 Recent increases in natural gas prices have raised concerns about the balance of U.S. natural gas supply and demand. While there are efforts to increase gas supply, there is agreement that increased efficiency will be a primary requirement to address the issue in the near to medium term. Although combined heat and power (CHP) is among the most immediately available and widely applicable efficiency options, the fact that it involves the installation of new gas-fired equipment may raise concerns about its ability to reduce overall gas consumption. Gas-Fired Distributed Energy Resource Technology Characterizations - October 2003 This report describes the current status and future potential of six natural gas-fired distributed energy resource technologies through the year 2030. The six DER power technologies are: § Reciprocating engines § Small industrial gas turbines (1 MW to 40 MW) § Microturbines § Small steam turbines § Fuel Cells § Stirling engines While these technologies are capable of utilizing a variety of fuels in a range of applications, the focus for these characterizations are in electric power and combined heat and power (CHP) applications using natural gas. Market Potential for Advanced Thermally Activated BCHP in Five National Account Sectors - May 2003 This report assesses the applicability of innovative thermally activated technologies in integrated system configurations in the five target national account segments: healthcare (hospitals and nursing homes), supermarkets, lodging (hotels and motels), restaurants and "big box" retail. Our analysis looks specifically at smaller-scale systems (1.2 MW and under), as this is size range of typical applications in these five sectors. We identify and describe potential BCHP-IES target applications in the five segments, estimate the technical market potential for these applications, and provide insights into national account customers' perceptions about advanced thermally activated systems. National Account Sector Energy Profiles - April 2003 This study explores the central characteristics of five target national account market sectors: healthcare (hospitals and nursing homes), supermarkets, lodging (hotels and motels), restaurants and "big box" retail. For each sector, we: 1) describe current business and market conditions, recent past trends, and present the outlook and projections for the sector; 2) characterize decision-making processes and criteria as they relate to energy equipment and systems; and 3) profile typical energy equipment and systems in use and typical thermal and electric loads. Combined Heat and Power Market Potential for New York State - May 2002 (Revised) Businesses and industry in New York State that employ onb-site power generation with waste heat recovery can dramatically reduce both energy consumption and its associated environmental impacts. Performance and Cost Trajectories of Clean DG Technologies - May 2002 This study for the Energy Foundation assessed the technical and economic impacts of the CARB Emission Certifications Regulation that asserts the eventual need for DG technologies to be as clean as a modern central station combined cycle plant. The analysis evaluated cost, performance and emissions ranges for 2003 and project scenario tragectories ranges for 2007 and 2012 The DG Value Chain for the Gas Industry - Aug. 2001 This report characterizes the various value streams created by Distributed Generation (DG). These values, defined here as the value chain for DG, provide a basis for gas companies to evaluate potential DG services/products and to design a business plan that maximizes the profit potential from increased revenues and program costs. Assessment of On-Site Power Opportunities in the Industrial Sector - March 2001 This report identifies the potential for on-site power production in the U.S. Industrial Sector with emphasis on nine industrial groups identified as I.O.F.'s (Industries of the Future) by the U.S. DOE. Urban DG Profile - Aug. 2000 This study identifies primary indicators of value from the deployment of distributed generation (DG), as well as local considerations that allow for relatively easy deployment of DG within a metropolitan area. The Impact of DG on Local Distribution Companies - March 2000 This report assisted the A.G.A. in understanding the developing distributed generation market and its potential impact on natural gas utilities. The report compiles a series of technology assessments, market evaluations, and policy analyses. The Market and Technical Potential for Combined Heat and Power in the Industrial Sector - Jan. 2000 This report evaluates the potential market for CHP in the industrial sector for DOE's Energy Information Agency. The report provides background data and updates technology assumptions to improve CHP market projections in EIA's Annual Energy Outlook. The Market and Technical Potential for CHP in the Commercial/Institutional Sector - Jan. 2000 This report evaluates the potential market for CHP in the institutional and commercial sectors for DOE's Energy Information Agency. The report provides background data and updates technology assumptions to improve CHP market projections in EIA's Annual Energy Outlook. Market Assessment of CHP in the State of California - Dec. 1999 This report is a detailed estimate of the market opportunity for combined heat and power (CHP) in California and a comprehensive review of the regulatory and institutional barriers. Gas Turbine Power Generation CHP Environmental Analysis and Policy Considerations - Nov. 1998 This is an an environmental analysis of alternative power generating systems for the Department of Energy (DOE). This analysis compared the environmental signature of cogeneration systems with other power generation technologies and emission control options.

Presentations

Natural Gas Impacts of Increased CHP Presented to: USCHPA, October 2003 California's Regulatory Climate Presented at: AEE, March 2002 Author: Rod Hite Microturbine Market Review Presented at: Microturbine and Industrial Gas Turbine: Peer Review Meeting, March 2002 Authors: Bruce Hedman & Ken Darrow Combined Heat and Power Presented at: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers, October 2001 Author: Rod Hite Market Potential for Combined Heat and Power Presented at: ASERTTI Fall Meeting, October 2001 Author: Bruce Hedman Matching DG Technologies and Applications Presented at: Distributed Generation Conference, August 2001 Author: Bruce Hedman Industrial Market Transformation Tools: DG Operational Reliability and Availability Database Presented at: DOE Distributed Power and Industrial DG Program Quarterly Review Meeting, July 2001 Author: Paul Bautista How Gas Utilities Can Profit from Distributed Generation Presented at: Distributed Generation Workshop, May 2001 Author: Ken Darrow Natural Gas Fueled Distributed Generation Can Deliver Value to Customers Presented at: AGA Distributed Generation Workshop, May 2001 Author: Paul Bautista Distributed Generation Overview Presented at: Southern Conference for Architects and Engineers, October 2000 Author: Paul Bautista Natural Gas Use in Distributed Generation Presented at: The Earth Technologies Forum, October 2000 Author: Paul Bautista Gas utility DG Potential: Extent to which DG Market will be served by LDC's Presented at: AGA Joint IMC-CMC Meeting, April 2000 Author: Paul Bautista Developments in Reciprocating Engines and Industrial Gas Turbines Presented at: Joint IMC-CMC Meeting, November 1999 Author: Paul Bautista

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Gas Supply Publications

Briefings

The Gas Price Roller Coaster: The Ride Continues Presented at: A.G.A. Energy Industry Outlook Meeting, November 13, 2003 Author: Bruce Henning

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Gas Modelling Publications

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Transportation Publications

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